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Upside of Inequality Oxford Unintended Consequences

Sari Pekkala Kerr, William Kerr, Çaǧlar Özden, and Christopher Parsons National Bureau of Economic Research
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High-skilled migrants are moving from diverse countries to a select few, notably the US, UK, Canada, and Australia. In 2010, these 4 countries attracted nearly 70% of high-skilled migrants to the OECD.

From 1990 to 2010, the number of migrants with a tertiary degree surged by nearly 130%, while low-skilled migrants increased by only 40%. This trend highlights a shift where high-skilled migrants are moving from a diverse range of countries to a select few, notably the US, UK, Canada, and Australia. In 2010, these four countries attracted nearly 70% of high-skilled migrants to the OECD, with the US alone hosting 11.4m skilled migrants, representing 41% of the OECD total. The concentration of leading universities and high-tech firms in these English-speaking nations intensifies global competition for talent. Other countries like France, Germany, and Spain are enhancing efforts to attract skilled workers, yet the disparity remains. The US further distinguishes itself by offering O1 visas and EB-1 green cards for individuals with extraordinary abilities, ensuring a steady influx of top-tier talent.

Sari Pekkala Kerr, William Kerr, Çaǧlar Özden, Christopher Parsons, "Global Talent Flows," National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2016, http://papers.nber.org/tmp/10704-w22715.pdfworth noting they do use education as a proxy for skill, would be interesting to track the number of people worldwide eligible for O1/EB-1 as a measure

"...The number of migrants with a tertiary degree rose nearly 130 percent from 1990 to 2010, while low skilled (primary educated) migrants increased by only 40 percent during that time. A pattern is emerging in which these high-skilled migrants are departing from a broader range of countries and heading to a narrower range of countries—in particular, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia....Even among OECD destinations, the distribution of talent remains skewed. Four Anglo-Saxon countries—the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia—constitute the destination for nearly 70 percent of high-skilled migrants (to the OECD) in 2010. The United States alone has historically hosted close to half of all high-skilled migrants to the OECD and one-third of high-skilled migrants worldwide. In 2010, the United States hosted 11.4 million skilled migrants, 41 percent of the OECD total. The attractiveness of English-speaking, high-income countries for high-skilled migrants has led other destination countries, such as France, Germany and Spain, to increase their efforts to attract these workers. Nevertheless, the volume of skilled migration to the four Anglo-Saxon countries, coupled with the significant asymmetry in the concentration of leading universities, high-tech firms and research centers, implies that the global competition for skills will continue to be fierce and will likely remain unequal....Superstar talent rarely competes for H-1B visas, for example, but instead gains direct access to the United States through O1 temporary visas for extraordinary ability and direct green card applications of the EB-1 level for those with even more exceptional talent. Both of these categories are always in surplus. In effect, the US operates a points system for individuals with truly exceptional talents such as Nobel Prize winners, superstar athletes and musicians (Rosen 1981)...."
Global Talent Flows: Extended Excerpt Image 1

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